[greg.] [411] In his final weeks, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin; the latter visited him at his Gorki mansion on the day of his death. Collect, curate and comment on your files. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is [44] Returning to Russia with a stash of illegal revolutionary publications, he travelled to various cities distributing literature to striking workers. [294] The Reds held control of Russia's two largest cities, Moscow and Petrograd, as well as most of Great Russia, while the Whites were located largely on the former Empire's peripheries. Street fighting is raging, barricades are being thrown up, rifles are cracking, guns are booming. [488] Adopting an amoral stance, in Lenin's view the end always justified the means;[489] according to Service, Lenin's "criterion of morality was simple: does a certain action advance or hinder the cause of the Revolution?"[490]. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, [345] To aid the famine victims, the US government established an American Relief Administration to distribute food;[346] Lenin was suspicious of this aid and had it closely monitored. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Empire after 1917, but three were re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922. [201] Zhenotdel, a Bolshevik women's organisation, was established to further these aims. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and [25] Wary of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that her son would turn his attention to agriculture. [344] The famine was exacerbated by government requisitioning, as well as the export of large quantities of Russian grain. [215] Lenin believed that this was impractical at that stage and that the government should only nationalise Russia's large-scale capitalist enterprises, such as the banks, railways, larger landed estates, and larger factories and mines, allowing smaller businesses to operate privately until they grew large enough to be successfully nationalised. [4] Well educated, she was the daughter of a wealthy German–Swedish Lutheran mother, and according to some sources a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity and worked as a physician. [350], In 1920 and 1921, local opposition to requisitioning resulted in anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings breaking out across Russia, which were suppressed. [297] Anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the White Terror, a campaign of violence against perceived Bolshevik supporters which was typically more spontaneous than the state-sanctioned Red Terror. Три песни о Ленине - Three Songs About Lenin (1934) документальный фильм.webm 1 h 0 min 52 s, 636 × 480; 484.2 MB ולדימיר לנין פטרוגראד 1917-PHZPR-1255271.png 500 × 500; 229 KB [61] Under this pseudonym, he published the political pamphlet What Is to Be Done? [164], Lenin rejected repeated calls, including from some Bolsheviks, to establish a coalition government with other socialist parties. [370] During 1920, several prominent Western figures visited Lenin in Russia; these included the author H. G. Wells and the philosopher Bertrand Russell,[371] as well as the anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Januar 1924: Nach schwerem Hirnleiden stirbt Lenin in Martov argued that party members should be able to express themselves independently of the party leadership; Lenin disagreed, emphasising the need for a strong leadership with complete control over the party. [292], Lenin tasked Trotsky with establishing a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and with his support, Trotsky organised a Revolutionary Military Council in September 1918, remaining its chairman until 1925. [289] The Whites were also backed by Western governments who perceived the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a betrayal of the Allied war effort and feared the Bolsheviks' calls for world revolution. Lenin believed that the representative democracy of capitalist countries gave the illusion of democracy while maintaining the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie"; describing the representative democratic system of the United States, he referred to the "spectacular and meaningless duels between two bourgeois parties", both of whom were led by "astute multimillionaires" that exploited the American proletariat. [357] Lenin explained the policy in a booklet, On the Food Tax, in which he stated that the NEP represented a return to the original Bolshevik economic plans; he claimed that these had been derailed by the civil war, in which Sovnarkom had been forced to resort to the economic policies of war communism. [174] The only individual to have anywhere near this influence was Lenin's right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 during a flu pandemic. [238] Accordingly, the Treaty was deeply unpopular across Russia's political spectrum,[239] and several Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries resigned from Sovnarkom in protest. [378] Lenin began to contemplate the possibility of suicide, asking both Krupskaya and Stalin to acquire potassium cyanide for him. Even in such a state he was capable of black humour. [48], In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia. [84] Joining the editorial board of Novaya Zhizn (New Life), a radical legal newspaper run by Maria Andreyeva, he used it to discuss issues facing the RSDLP. gut - gebraucht. [134] Amid deteriorating health, he left the city to recuperate in the Finnish village of Neivola. —Lenin's political programme, October 1917[186], Upon taking power, Lenin's regime issued a series of decrees. Five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's plans for modernisation. Good Bye, Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow, genannt Lenin (2017) Film Deutsch HD. [72] Arguments between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks continued after the conference; the Bolsheviks accused their rivals of being opportunists and reformists who lacked discipline, while the Mensheviks accused Lenin of being a despot and autocrat. [223] He believed that ongoing war would create resentment among war-weary Russian troops, to whom he had promised peace, and that these troops and the advancing German Army threatened both his own government and the cause of international socialism. [486] He refused to change his opinions, until he rejected them completely, after which he would treat the new view as if it was just as unchangeable. Reference staff can [367] Lenin hoped that by allowing foreign corporations to invest in Russia, Sovnarkom would exacerbate rivalries between the capitalist nations and hasten their downfall; he tried to rent the oil fields of Kamchatka to an American corporation to heighten tensions between the US and Japan, who desired Kamchatka for their empire. [546] In particular, his Jewish ancestry was suppressed until the 1980s,[556] perhaps out of Soviet antisemitism,[557] and so as not to undermine Stalin's Russification efforts,[558] and perhaps so as not to provide fuel for anti-Soviet sentiment among international antisemites. That is nonsense. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by his alias Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. : Владимир Ильич Ульянов), Kampfnaum : Lenin (russisch : Ленин aunhean? [450] He opposed liberalism, exhibiting a general antipathy toward liberty as a value,[451] and believing that liberalism's freedoms were fraudulent because it did not free labourers from capitalist exploitation. Letzten Jahre seiner Amtszeit Zwei Schlaganfälle mindern seine Arbeitsfähigkeit (1922) warnt vor innerparteilichen Nachfolgekämpfen und dem Machtehrgeiz Stalins weiteren Schlaganfall → kaum noch regierungsfähig (1923) 21. [187] In November 1917, the government issued the Decree on the Press that closed many opposition media outlets deemed counter-revolutionary. [377] At the Politburo's insistence, in July he left Moscow for a month's leave at his Gorki mansion, where he was cared for by his wife and sister. [387] With Lenin's support, the government also succeeded in virtually eradicating Menshevism in Russia by expelling all Mensheviks from state institutions and enterprises in March 1923 and then imprisoning the party's membership in concentration camps. They claimed the measure would be temporary; the decree was widely criticised, including by many Bolsheviks, for compromising freedom of the press. [537] Ryan contends that the leftist historian Paul Le Blanc "makes a quite valid point that the personal qualities that led Lenin to brutal policies were not necessarily any stronger than in some of the major Western leaders of the twentieth century. The first was a Decree on Land, which declared that the landed estates of the aristocracy and the Orthodox Church should be nationalised and redistributed to peasants by local governments. [503] Lenin also had a conservative attitude towards sex and marriage. [172], Within the party was established a Political Bureau (Politburo) and Organisation Bureau (Orgburo) to accompany the existing Central Committee; the decisions of these party bodies had to be adopted by Sovnarkom and the Council of Labour and Defence. [189] Many nations declared independence (Finland and Lithuania in December 1917, Latvia and Ukraine in January 1918, Estonia in February 1918, Transcaucasia in April 1918, and Poland in November 1918). http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/195_copr.html, [Lillian Thomas, artist, three-quarter length portrait]. Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow Lenin . [421], Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum. [51] Settling into a family life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translated English socialist literature into Russian. [106] He stayed in close contact with the RSDLP, which was operating in the Russian Empire, convincing the Duma's Bolshevik members to split from their parliamentary alliance with the Mensheviks. Join Facebook to connect with Wladimir Lenin Kashleivnikov and others you may know. [482] He could be "venomous in his critique of others", exhibiting a propensity for mockery, ridicule, and ad hominem attacks on those who disagreed with him. Rivers of blood are flowing, the civil war for freedom is blazing up. [68] Lenin fell ill with erysipelas and was unable to take such a leading role on the Iskra editorial board; in his absence, the board moved its base of operations to Geneva. / 22. Platten- März 1919. [122] This changed Lenin's interpretation of Marxism; whereas he once believed that policies could be developed based on predetermined scientific principles, he concluded that the only test of whether a policy was correct was its practice. Januar 1924 in Gorki bei Moskau) war . Włodzimierz Lenin organizator i przywódca rewolucji październikowej. In this climate, Lenin felt it safe to return to St. [184] As a respite, he was driven in September 1918 to the Gorki estate, just outside Moscow, recently acquired for him by the government.[185]. [492] Concerned with physical fitness, he exercised regularly,[493] enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting,[494] and also developed a passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks. [126] He decided to return to Russia to take charge of the Bolsheviks but found that most passages into the country were blocked due to the ongoing conflict. [416] Transported by train to Moscow, the coffin was taken to the House of Trade Unions, where the body lay in state. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog Lenin was a devout Marxist,[429] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism, first termed "Leninism" by Martov in 1904,[430] was the sole authentic and orthodox one. [81] Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, published in August 1905. [166] At their 7th Congress in March 1918, the Bolsheviks changed their official name from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party to the Russian Communist Party, as Lenin wanted to both distance his group from the increasingly reformist German Social Democratic Party and to emphasise its ultimate goal, that of a communist society. [516] Even during his lifetime, Lenin "was loved and hated, admired and scorned" by the Russian people. Aside from Russian, Lenin spoke and read French, German, and English. Verse on the months; includes a few passages in prose. His dedication to education earned him the Order of St. Vladimir, which bestowed on him the status of hereditary nobleman. And until that end will have arrived, a series of the most terrible conflicts between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois governments is unavoidable. [288] The Whites were bolstered when 35,000 members of the Czech Legion, who were prisoners of war from the conflict with the Central Powers, turned against Sovnarkom and allied with the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), an anti-Bolshevik government established in Samara. Click here to request Getty Images Premium Access through IBM Creative Design Services. This repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection. [406] Despite his poor health, Lenin was elected chairman of the new government of the Soviet Union. [200] Embracing the equality of the sexes, laws were introduced that helped to emancipate women, by giving them economic autonomy from their husbands and removing restrictions on divorce. Lenin lud bei seiner Abreise aus der Schweiz am 6. [89] Lenin was involved in setting up a Bolshevik Centre in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at the time a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Empire, before the Bolsheviks regained dominance of the RSDLP at its Fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. [512], Volkogonov claimed that "there can scarcely have been another man in history who managed so profoundly to change so large a society on such a scale. [352] In February 1921, workers went on strike in Petrograd, resulting in the government proclaiming martial law in the city and sending in the Red Army to quell demonstrations. The unrest spread to other parts of Russia, and fearing that he would be violently overthrown, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated. "[535] Volkogonov believed that whereas Lenin established a "dictatorship of the Party", it would only be under Stalin that the Soviet Union became the "dictatorship of one man. Lenin and Krupskaya both regretted that they never had children,[505] and they enjoyed entertaining their friends' offspring. [130] Over the following days, he spoke at Bolshevik meetings, lambasting those who wanted reconciliation with the Mensheviks and revealing his "April Theses", an outline of his plans for the Bolsheviks, which he had written on the journey from Switzerland. "[467] Conversely, Lenin's friend Gorky commented that in his physical appearance as a "baldheaded, stocky, sturdy person", the communist revolutionary was "too ordinary" and did not give "the impression of being a leader."[468]. Bücherei des Marxismus- Leninismus Band 28, Lenin, Wladimir Iljitsch. Writers: Andrew Thorndike, Annelie Thorndike. [29] This Marxist perspective contrasted with the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that the peasantry could establish socialism in Russia by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. [264] There are no surviving records to provide an accurate figure of how many perished in the Red Terror;[265] later estimates of historians have ranged between 10,000 and 15,000,[266] and 50,000 to 140,000. ", This page was last edited on 16 August 2021, at 02:59. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty conceding territory to the Central Powers, and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. The existence of the Soviet Republic alongside the imperialist states over the long run is unthinkable. Szenische Lesung in zwei Akten (ZeitgeschichteN, Band 17), Von der Spiegelgasse in den Kreml Lenins Reise nach Russland Szenische Lesung in zwei Akten ZeitgeschichteN Band Seit sa Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin in der neutralen Schweizfest Obgleich nie ein Agent des Kaisers konnte er im April dank deutscher Unterst tzung nach Russland ausreisen F r . Am 31. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing [113] Lenin and his wife returned to Bern,[114] before relocating to Zürich in February 1916. Recognising that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens to travel in a sealed train carriage through their territory, among them Lenin and his wife. / i), (* 10. jul. [19], Upon entering Kazan University in August 1887, Lenin moved into a nearby flat. "Was tun?" ist eine 1902 erschienene Schrift von Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin, die als sein Hauptwerk gilt. "[540] Some left-wing intellectuals, among them Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou, Lars T. Lih, and Fredric Jameson, advocate reviving Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problems. Instead, Lenin favoured a vanguard of socialist intelligentsia who would lead the working-classes in revolution. [212] In June 1918, it decreed nationalisation of public utilities, railways, engineering, textiles, metallurgy, and mining, although often these were state-owned in name only. such as microfilm or copy prints? [515] A controversial figure, Lenin remains both reviled and revered,[448] a figure who has been both idolised and demonised. Januar 1924: Nach schwerem Hirnleiden stirbt Lenin in His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints [99] The Okhrana exploited his factionalist attitude by sending a spy, Roman Malinovsky, to act as a vocal Lenin supporter within the party. Lenin gilt als Anstifter der russischen Oktoberrevolution 1917. [46], Refused legal representation or bail, Lenin denied all charges against him but remained imprisoned for a year before sentencing. "[475] Similarly, Bertrand Russell felt that Lenin exhibited "unwavering faith—religious faith in the Marxian gospel. Added to Watchlist. [245] This policy resulted in vast social disorder and violence, as armed detachments often clashed with peasant groups, helping to set the stage for the civil war. "[465] Highlighting Lenin's "extraordinary capacity for disciplined work" and "devotion to the revolutionary cause", Pipes noted that he exhibited much charisma. [261] The Cheka claimed the right to both sentence and execute anyone whom it deemed to be an enemy of the government, without recourse to the Revolutionary Tribunals. [517] This has extended into academic studies of Lenin and Leninism, which have often been polarised along political lines. Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} Us der alemannische Wikipedia, der freie Dialäkt-Enzyklopedy {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). [263] For example, the Petrograd Cheka executed 512 people in a few days. [275] By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established across Soviet Russia, holding about 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, this had grown to 315 camps and about 70,000 inmates. Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin. [66] To evade Bavarian police, Lenin moved to London with Iskra in April 1902. "[570] Socialist states following Lenin's ideas appeared in various parts of the world during the 20th century. [211] In April 1918, it nationalised foreign trade, establishing a state monopoly on imports and exports. [282] The ensuing Russian Civil War pitted the pro-Bolshevik Reds against the anti-Bolshevik Whites but also encompassed ethnic conflicts on Russia's borders and conflict between both Red and White armies and local peasant groups, the Green armies, throughout the former Empire. Involved in political agitation against the absolute monarchy of the reactionary Tsar Alexander III, Alexander studied the writings of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. Showing Editorial results for wladimir iljitsch lenin. Sie ist in sich geschlossen und harmonisch, sie gibt den Menschen eine einheitliche Weltanschauung, die sich mit keinerlei . In the end, either the one or the other will triumph. "[254] He strongly opposed suggestions to abolish capital punishment. [420] Despite the freezing temperatures, tens of thousands attended. Er wurde der erste Vorsitzende des Rates der Volkskommissare des RSFSR. [432] He believed that all workers throughout the country would voluntarily join together to enable the state's economic and political centralisation. When the Socialist Revolutionary Party's leadership was found guilty of conspiring against the government in a trial held between June and August 1922, Lenin called for their execution; they were instead imprisoned indefinitely, only being executed during the Great Purges of Stalin's leadership. Two later siblings died in infancy. Add to Watchlist. [226] The Germans responded positively, viewing this as an opportunity to focus on the Western Front and stave off looming defeat. Nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion fielen Iljitsch viele "Flüche" auf den Kopf. Mga reperensya Kining maong panid kataposang giusab niadtong 14 Marso 2021 sa 17:14. . To All Workers, Soldiers and Peasants. ". [252], Lenin repeatedly emphasised the need for terror and violence in overthrowing the old order and ensuring the success of the revolution. 1870 22. Noch bevor er im Oktober 1917 den Sieg davontrug, tat sich der Revolutionär als Orakel hervor: Der bolschewistische Volksauf. The Soviet authority will at once propose a democratic peace to all nations and an immediate armistice on all fronts. Guilbeaux traf dort den russischen Exilanten Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow, kehrte „leninisiert" nach Genf zurück und stand mit ihm fortan in engem persönlichen Austausch. "[392], During December 1922 and January 1923, Lenin dictated "Lenin's Testament", in which he discussed the personal qualities of his comrades, particularly Trotsky and Stalin. Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin. [248] A booming black market supplemented the official state-sanctioned economy,[249] and Lenin called on speculators, black marketeers and looters to be shot. This time the argument won with ten votes against two.
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